A 2008 University of Pennsylvania/Wharton School of Business study found that S corporation ESOPs contribute $14 billion in new savings for their workers each year beyond the income they would otherwise have earned, and that S corporation ESOPs offer workers greater job stability and increased job satisfaction. The study also found that S corporation ESOPs’ higher productivity, profitability, job stability and job growth generate a collective $19 billion in economic value that otherwise would not exist.